A root with a long trading history and an immediate tingling effect on the mouth. Animal and laboratory work shows nerve-signalling and hormone effects in male rodents; almost no human evidence exists. Documented harms are mouth tingling, heavy salivation, and liver and kidney changes in animals near commonly sold amounts. Material identity is frequently uncertain. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Total testosterone (men) | 600–900 ng/dL | Headroom for the main claimed effect |
| Luteinizing hormone | 2–6 IU/L | Distinguishes a pituitary from a testicular rise |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | Under 25 U/L in men, under 20 U/L in women | Clearest safety signal in the animal data |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | Under 25 U/L | Rose earliest at the lowest animal dose |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) | Above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² | Kidney changes accompanied liver findings at high animal doses |
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Under 1.0 ng/mL under age 50, under 2.5 ng/mL thereafter | Covers the speculative androgen-sensitive-tissue concern |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) | Under 0.5 mg/L | Tracks the anti-inflammatory direction the animal data suggest |
| Semen analysis (concentration and total motility) | No established target — track change from baseline | Endpoint with the most animal support |
Cadence: Full panel at baseline; liver panel at eight weeks; hormones and semen analysis at twelve weeks; then every six to twelve months.