Indian tree bark, used for heart complaints for over two thousand years. Firmest human findings: lower total and harmful cholesterol in people not on cholesterol drugs, and a lighter main pumping chamber. Claims about angina (chest pain) and pumping strength are contested. Stomach irritation and constipation recur. Thyroid, liver, platelet and drug-clearance concerns rest on animal and cell studies. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| LDL cholesterol | < 100 mg/dL, < 70 mg/dL with established coronary disease | The primary demonstrated benefit |
| Total cholesterol : HDL ratio | < 3.5 | Captures the lipid shift better than either value alone |
| Triglycerides | < 100 mg/dL | Fell alongside inflammatory markers in coronary disease |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein | < 1.0 mg/L | Tracks the anti-inflammatory signal |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone | 1.0–2.0 mIU/L | Detects the rodent-derived thyroid suppression signal |
| Free thyroxine | Upper half of the laboratory reference range | Confirms or excludes a real thyroid shift if the pituitary signal moves |
| Alanine aminotransferase | < 25 U/L in men, < 20 U/L in women | Detects the high-dose liver stress seen in animals |
| Platelet count | 150–400 × 10⁹/L | Covers the platelet-inhibition and platelet-count signal |
| Fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin | < 90 mg/dL and < 5.4% | Tracks the glucose-lowering effect and its additive risk |
| Seated blood pressure | 110–120 / 70–80 mmHg | Detects both benefit and excessive lowering |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction and mass | Ejection fraction 55–70%; mass < 95 g/m² in women, < 115 g/m² in men | The two cardiac endpoints trials actually moved |
| International normalised ratio | No established target for arjuna; track change from the individual's own pre-arjuna value | Detects the interaction with warfarin |
Cadence: Blood pressure weekly for the first month and monthly thereafter; lipids, glycated haemoglobin, thyroid panel, liver enzymes and platelet count at 12 weeks and then every 6–12 months; echocardiography annually where one was performed at baseline.