Audit: QRS - Artichoke Extract for Health & Longevity
Audit conducted on 20/09/2026 07:08 using AI4L / Opus 5
Summary
| Items | Count |
|---|---|
| Total | 93 |
| Passed | 83 |
| Failed | 0 |
| N/A | 10 |
| Pass Rate | 100.00% |
- Total = Passed + Failed + N/A
- Pass Rate = Passed / (Passed + Failed) × 100
- N/A items are excluded from the pass rate calculation
1. General Rules
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | Every claim, magnitude, label, recommendation, and statement in the QRS is literally supported by content in the source ER. | 🟢 | Every populated span traces to ER text: protocol cells to ER 342/344/354/356, time cells to ER 401, benefits/risks to the ER tier headings, gates to ER 291–320, markers to the ER monitoring table 431–442, qualitative items to ER 446–451. |
| 1.2 | Where the ER uses cautious phrasing (“not formally studied”, “None documented in human trials to date”, “theoretical concern”, “data are limited”), the QRS uses the same phrasing. | 🟢 | “Blood fats fall modestly”, “liver stress markers drop in people with fat build-up in the liver” mirror the ER Conclusion (ER 475); marker_10_target keeps “No established numeric target”. |
| 1.3 | The QRS never strengthens an ER claim (e.g., “not formally studied” → “not required”) or softens one (e.g., “do not use during pregnancy” → “use with caution during pregnancy”). | 🟢 | Pregnancy and breastfeeding remain under Contraindications, not Key Interactions; Caution/Monitor labels carried over unchanged from ER 291–311. |
| 1.4 | The QRS does not relabel an ER fact under a different decision category. A “Benefit-Modifying Factor” from ER section is not surfaced as a “Caution”; a “Risk-Modifying Factor” is not surfaced as a “Side Effect”; etc. | 🟢 | Contraindications come only from ER “Populations who should avoid Artichoke Extract”; Key Interactions only from the ER interaction bullets; risks only from Potential Risks & Side Effects. |
| 1.5 | PubMed IDs, study citations, expert names, clinical trial identifiers (NCT*), and brand names appear in the QRS only if they appear in the source ER for the same fact. | 🟢 | No PMIDs, citations, expert names, NCT identifiers or brand names appear anywhere in the QRS. |
| 1.6 | The QRS does not introduce new attributions. | 🟢 | No attributions of any kind in the populated spans. |
2. Focus, Tone & Audience
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1 | The QRS follows the tone of the ER, which is determined by the ER’s own language, phrasing, and framing. | 🟢 | Wording is lifted or condensed from the ER’s own sentences throughout. |
| 2.2 | The tone of the QRS is simultaneously expert, accessible, objective, and data-driven, but also empowering and encouraging | 🟢 | Numeric protocol, time windows and marker targets are presented without hedging or hype. |
| 2.3 | The QRS reads as a trusted, knowledgeable guide rather than a prescriptive doctor | 🟢 | Statements are declarative (“Split dosing is standard”), not prescriptive instructions. |
| 2.4 | The QRS avoids language that implies medical or clinical advice | 🟢 | No imperative or advisory constructions; cell labels are the ER’s own bold labels. |
| 2.5 | The QRS “presents information” instead of “providing guidance”, “recommending”, or “advising” | 🟢 | No occurrence of “recommend”, “advise” or “guidance” in the document body. |
| 2.6 | The QRS never addresses “the reader” directly — it presents evidence, not guidance | 🟢 | No second-person pronouns anywhere in the body. |
| 2.7 | The QRS is written in plain language, avoiding unnecessary medical jargon | 🟢 | Technical terms are confined to marker names and drug classes where precision is required; the lede is plain-language. |
| 2.8 | Information is presented in a concise and very compact manner | 🟢 | Gate items and tier lists are stripped to the key fact; sub-cells are one or two short sentences. |
| 2.9 | It DOES NOT address the reader directly | 🟢 | Confirmed: no “you”/”your” in the body. |
| 2.10 | The target audience is health- and longevity-oriented adults who are risk-aware, proactive, and actively seeking to optimize health or apply the intervention under review. | 🟢 | Functional marker targets (ApoB < 80 mg/dL, ALT < 25 U/L) and a baseline-plus-recheck cadence address an optimizing audience. |
| 2.11 | The target audience is willing to employ lifestyle and behavioral changes as well as follow protocols that may be inconvenient, costly, or require effort. | 🟢 | Split dosing with meals, baseline ultrasound and repeated panels are presented without effort caveats. |
| 2.12 | The document is NOT written for the general population, who are unwilling to employ lifestyle and behavioral changes or follow protocols that may be inconvenient, costly, or require effort. | 🟢 | Monitoring demands (ApoB, hs-CRP, GGT, abdominal ultrasound) exceed general-population framing. |
| 2.13 | Framing, takeaways, and risk/benefit weighting throughout the document reflect this audience, including where an intervention’s signal for the average person differs from its signal for this audience. | 🟢 | The lede keeps the ER’s qualifier that effects are largest where starting levels are high, and that effects can be confirmed or excluded on personal laboratory results within three months. |
| 2.14 | The document’s own voice frames usage in longevity terms, not “anti-aging” (e.g., “anti-aging clinics”, “anti-aging community”, “anti-aging medicine”). Proper names that contain “anti-aging” (e.g., “American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine”) are quoted verbatim. | 🟢 | “anti-aging” does not occur; the title uses “for Health & Longevity”. |
| 2.15 | The document’s own voice uses formal clinical and scientific terminology, not colloquial or consumer-grade language (e.g., “oral medication” not “pill(s)”; “oral” / “administered orally” not “taken by mouth” / “given by mouth”; “injection” not “shot”; “adverse event” not “bad reaction”). This holds on EVERY surface, including the QRS lede — the stricter plain-language bar (see 2.7) does not license lay phrasing for route of administration. Direct quotes from sources are exempt. | 🟢 | No “pill”, “taken by mouth” or “shot”; the lede’s plain terms (“blood fats”, “excess gas”, “loose stools”) are the ER Conclusion’s own wording (ER 475). |
3. Template Integrity
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3.1 | The following labels and headings on the QRS are fixed and not modified: Card and section headings: “Protocol”, “Time to effect”, “Benefits”, “Risk & Side Effects”, “Monitoring”, “Qualitative Assessment”; Gate headings: “Contraindications”, “Key Interactions”; Tier labels: “High”, “Medium”, “Low”, “Speculative”; Table column headers in Monitoring: “Marker”, “Target”, “Why” | 🟢 | A structural diff against [qrs_template] shows no change outside the variable spans; all headings, gate heads, tier labels and column headers are byte-identical to the template. |
| 3.2 | All “…” from the [qrs_template] are present in the the QRS. | 🟢 | 70 variable spans present: the 5 header/lede spans, 9 action, 9 time, 4 benefits, 2 gates, 4 risks, 30 marker (10 rows × 3), cadence and 6 qualitative. |
| 3.3 | Spans that are not addressed in a checklist item are left unchanged | 🟢 | The website="evidence_review", website="audit" and website="full_review" spans, the CSS block, comments and footer disclaimer are unchanged from the template. |
4. Formatting
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.1 | When the source ER section is empty, the QRS uses the ER’s own empty-state phrasing verbatim. Typical phrasings are “None documented in human trials to date” and “Not formally studied” | N/A | No source ER section feeding the QRS is empty; every mapped ER section is populated. |
| 4.2 | Where the ER presents a bulleted item as “Label: content”, the QRS uses the ER’s bold label verbatim as the cell or row label. | 🟢 | “Standard dose range”, “Best time of day”, “Standardisation to look for” are the ER’s bold labels verbatim (ER 342, 344, 354); all eleven interaction labels are carried verbatim. |
| 4.3 | Labels are not paraphrased, abbreviated, or invented. | 🟢 | Protocol labels and interaction labels are ER-verbatim; marker names match the ER biomarker table exactly. |
| 4.4 | The QRS DOES NOT use emoji indicators (no 🟩, 🟥, 🟨, etc.). Color and emphasis are conveyed through CSS and bold labels. | 🟢 | No emoji characters occur in the document; the ER’s 🟩/🟥/🟨 tier markers and the “⚠️ Conflicted” flags were correctly dropped. |
| 4.5 | The QRS is designed to render on one A4 page. Any section that has more content in the ER than fits the per-section budget is condensed by the LLM, not extended onto a second page. | 🟢 | Every section is condensed to the key fact: gate items carry no rationale, benefit and risk tiers are single lines, marker “Why” cells are single clauses, and the lede is 59 words. |
5. Metadata
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5.1 | The metadata is placed inside a single HTML comment that is the first element after “<!doctype html>” and before any other comment, head, or body content. | 🟢 | Lines 2–14, immediately after <!doctype html> on line 1. |
| 5.2 | Inside that HTML comment the YAML block is delimited by a line “—” opening and a line “—” closing. Text before the opening “—” is permitted but is not parsed as YAML. | 🟢 | Opening --- at line 3, closing --- at line 13; the title text sits on line 2 before the opening delimiter. |
| 5.3 | The metadata is not visible in any rendered view of the QRS and is not surfaced by any other element on the sheet. | 🟢 | It is inside an HTML comment and no metadata value is echoed in the body. |
| 5.4 | All frontmatter values are trimmed: no leading or trailing whitespace, no surrounding quotes unless the value contains a colon, bracket, or leading special character that requires YAML quoting. | 🟢 | Only duration: "00:04" is quoted, and it contains a colon requiring YAML quoting. |
| 5.5 | The filename of the source ER is stated as “er_filename: [er_filename]” | 🟢 | Line 4: er_filename: artichoke_extract_2026-0920-0459_Opus_ER.md. |
| 5.6 | Version of the QRS.md file used to create the document is stated as “qrs_prompt_version: [Version of QRS.md]” | 🟢 | Line 5: qrs_prompt_version: 26.9.11, matching the QRS.md version badge. |
| 5.7 | Creation date and time of the document is stated as “qrs_creation_date: [YYYY-MMDD-HHMM]” (e.g., 2026-0501-1430) | 🟢 | Line 6: qrs_creation_date: 2026-0920-0655. |
| 5.8 | The nickname of the AI used to create the document is stated as “qrs_creator_ai_nickname: [qrs_creator_ai_nickname]” | 🟢 | Line 7: qrs_creator_ai_nickname: Opus. |
| 5.9 | The nickname of the AI is just a single word model name without version, etc. (e.g., Opus, Sonnet, Grok, Gemini, ChatGPT) | 🟢 | “Opus” is a single word with no version or qualifier. |
| 5.10 | The full name of the AI used to create the document is stated as “qrs_creator_ai_fullname: [qrs_creator_ai_fullname]” | 🟢 | Line 8: qrs_creator_ai_fullname: Opus 5. |
| 5.11 | The full name of the AI consists of the [qrs_creator_ai_nickname] and the model version number and no additional qualifier (e.g., Opus 4.6, Sonnet 3.2, Grok 4.5, Gemini 3.1, ChatGPT 5.4) | 🟢 | “Opus 5” is nickname plus version only, with no context-window or other qualifier. |
| 5.12 | The filename of the document is stated as “qrs_filename: [filename of this document]” | 🟢 | Line 9 matches the actual filename artichoke_extract_2026-0920-0459_Opus_QRS.html. |
| 5.13 | All frontmatter values are trimmed: no leading or trailing whitespace, no surrounding quotes unless the value contains a colon, bracket, or leading special character that requires YAML quoting. | 🟢 | All nine values are trimmed; git_user, git_issue and duration follow the same convention. |
6. Page Title & Header
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6.1 | [page_title] is set to the [canonical_topic] of the ER frontmatter followed by “ - Quick Reference Sheet” (e.g., “Intervention - Quick Reference Sheet”). The [canonical_topic] is HTML-entity-encoded as needed (e.g., & for &) |
🟢 | Line 22: “Artichoke Extract for Health & Longevity - Quick Reference Sheet”, matching ER canonical_topic with the ampersand encoded. |
| 6.2 | [header_topic] is set to the [canonical_topic] of the ER frontmatter, with HTML entities encoded as needed (e.g., & for &) |
🟢 | Line 417: “Artichoke Extract for Health & Longevity”. |
| 6.3 | [header_subline_date] is set to [qrs_creation_date reformatted as MM/DD/YYYY] | 🟢 | Line 421: “09/20/2026”, the correct reformatting of 2026-0920-0655. |
| 6.4 | [header_subline_model] is set to [qrs_creator_ai_fullname] | 🟢 | Line 425: “Opus 5”, identical to the frontmatter value. |
| 6.5 | No additional header content appears: no badge, version stamp, AKA / alternate names line, source-AI attribution, audit date, or QRS variant marker. | 🟢 | The header holds only title and the template’s subline; the ER’s “Also known as” line was not carried over. |
7. At-A-Glance Section
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7.1 | [at_a_glance] is dense, execution-oriented summary of the ER Conclusion section |
🟢 | Every clause maps to the ER Conclusion (ER 475, 477): preparation and use, lipid signal, liver signal, tolerability, cautions, three-month verification window. |
| 7.2 | [at_a_glance] is no longer than 60 words | 🟢 | 59 words. |
| 7.3 | Every fact in [at_a_glance] is supported by a distinct passage in the ER. | 🟢 | Six distinct ER Conclusion passages back the six clauses; no synthesized claim is added. |
| 7.4 | It DOES NOT use acronyms or technical classifications that require specialist knowledge, uses plain-language terms instead | 🟢 | No acronyms; “blood fats”, “liver stress markers”, “fat build-up in the liver” and “daisy-family allergy” replace lipids, transaminases, steatosis and Asteraceae. |
| 7.5 | It DOES NOT cite specific trials (names, years, sample sizes, p-values) | 🟢 | No trial names, years, sample sizes or p-values appear. |
| 7.6 | It DOES NOT cite effect sizes, relative risks, or statistical results | 🟢 | Only the qualitative “fall modestly” is used; no numeric effect estimates. |
8. Contraindications
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8.1 | The section is derived from the ER Key Interactions & Contraindications section |
🟢 | All six items come from “Populations who should avoid Artichoke Extract” (ER 313–320). |
| 8.2 | [stop_items] represent the Contraindications from the ER | 🟢 | All six ER populations are represented, none added. |
| 8.3 | Individual [stop_items] are formatted as <li></li> | 🟢 | Six <li> elements inside the stop_items span (lines 570–575). |
| 8.4 | Items are as concise as possible. No trailing explanations, no elaborations, no mechanistic rationale, no attributions, no citations, no study details. No content after an em-dash, en-dash, or hyphen-dash (e.g., “— dose reduction required”, “— reduced efficacy”) — these trailing clauses are stripped. Just the key fact. | 🟢 | The em-dash species list after Asteraceae (ER 317) and the “for whom no dosing or safety data exist” clause (ER 320) are stripped; no item carries rationale. |
| 8.5 | Parenthetical qualifiers from the ER bullet — time windows, severity classes, threshold values, clinical staging — ARE preserved as part of the item, kept as concise as possible (shortened or trimmed where needed to fit the one-page budget, but never dropped entirely). | 🟢 | “(any degree)”, “(Child-Pugh Class B or C)”, “(Compositae)”, “any trimester” and “under 12 years” all retained; only the Child-Pugh gloss was trimmed. |
| 8.6 | When the ER uses ranking notation inside parens (e.g., “>” for severity ordering) that depends on an explanatory phrase to interpret, normalize the items to a plain comma-separated list rather than carrying through the bare symbol. | N/A | The ER’s contraindication bullets contain no ranking notation inside parentheses. |
| 8.7 | The section is left empty ONLY IF the ER’s Key Interactions & Contraindications section identifies no population, condition, or scenario for which the intervention should be avoided, deferred, or used only under specialist supervision. |
🟢 | The ER names six such populations and the section is correctly populated rather than empty. |
| 8.8 | If the section is left empty, an HTML comment inside the [stop_items] span records the ER basis for the absence, naming or quoting the ER text relied on. E.g. | N/A | The section is not empty. |
9. Key Interactions
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9.1 | The section is derived from the ER Key Interactions & Contraindications section |
🟢 | All eleven items come from the ER interaction bullets (ER 291–311). |
| 9.2 | [caution_items] represent the Key Interactions from the ER, excluding any that are already listed as Contraindications | 🟢 | All eleven ER interactions are present; none duplicates a contraindication. |
| 9.3 | Individual [caution_items] are formatted as <li></li> | 🟢 | Eleven <li> elements inside the caution_items span (lines 583–614). |
| 9.4 | Items are as concise as possible. No trailing explanations, no elaborations, no mechanistic rationale, no attributions, no citations, no study details. No content after an em-dash, en-dash, or hyphen-dash (e.g., “— dose reduction required”, “— reduced efficacy”) — these trailing clauses are stripped. Just the key fact. | 🟢 | Every ER mechanism, consequence and mitigation clause after the em-dash is stripped; each item ends at the Caution/Monitor verdict. |
| 9.5 | Parenthetical qualifiers from the ER bullet — example drug lists, time windows, severity classes, threshold values, clinical staging — ARE preserved as part of the item, kept as concise as possible (shortened or trimmed where needed to fit the one-page budget, but never dropped entirely). | 🟢 | All ER example-drug lists are preserved intact, including the CYP substrate, antihypertensive, supplement and prebiotic-fiber parentheticals. |
| 9.6 | When the ER uses ranking notation inside parens (e.g., “>” for severity ordering) that depends on an explanatory phrase to interpret, normalize the items to a plain comma-separated list rather than carrying through the bare symbol. | N/A | The ER’s interaction parentheticals are plain comma-separated drug lists with no ranking notation. |
| 9.7 | The section is left empty ONLY IF the ER’s Key Interactions & Contraindications section identifies no interaction, additive effect, or exposure that changes how the intervention is used. |
🟢 | The ER names eleven interactions and the section is correctly populated. |
| 9.8 | If the section is left empty, an HTML comment inside the [caution_items] span records the ER basis for the absence, naming or quoting the ER text relied on. E.g. | N/A | The section is not empty. |
10. Protocol
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10.1 | The section is derived from the ER Protocol section |
🟢 | All three cells derive from the ER Therapeutic Protocol bullets (ER 342, 344, 354, 356). |
| 10.2 | The three sets of [action] items cover the three most important actionable implementation aspects from the ER Protocol section |
🟢 | Dose range, timing with meals and product standardisation are the three executable bullets; the remaining ER bullets are comparative, economic or attributional context. |
| 10.3 | If less that three distinct actionable implementation aspects are mentioned in the ER the unused sets are left empty and made invisible, not filled with placeholder text or empty-state phrasing. | N/A | The ER supplies more than three actionable aspects; all three sets are used. |
| 10.4 | All used [action_#label], [action#value], [action#_sub] items are filled with meaningful content derived from the ER Protocol section. |
🟢 | All nine spans are populated with ER-derived content; no placeholder text remains. |
11. Time to Effect
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11.1 | The three sets of [time] items cover the three most important time-to-effect aspects from the ER | 🟢 | Blood lipids, liver enzymes and digestive symptoms are exactly the three windows given in the ER “Time to effect” bullet (ER 401). |
| 11.2 | The sets are picked and ordered by the magnitude of the related benefit | 🟢 | Lipids and liver enzymes are the two High-tier benefits, in ER order, followed by the Medium-tier dyspepsia benefit. |
| 11.3 | If less that three distinct time-to-effect aspects are mentioned in the ER the unused sets are left empty and made invisible, not filled with placeholder text or empty-state phrasing. | N/A | The ER supplies three distinct time-to-effect aspects; all three sets are used. |
| 11.4 | All used [time_#label], [time#value], [time#_sub] items are filled with meaningful content derived from the ER. | 🟢 | Values 6–12 weeks, 8 weeks and 2–6 weeks match ER 401; the sub-cells restate the ER’s assessment window and population qualifiers. |
| 11.5 | If the ER does not provide any information on time to effect, the section is removed completely from the Protocol Panel |
N/A | The ER provides time-to-effect information, so the section is correctly retained. |
12. Benefits
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12.1 | The section is derived from the ER Expected Benefits section |
🟢 | All nine listed benefits are the ER Expected Benefits sub-headings, tier for tier. |
| 12.2 | Key variables are [benefits_high], [benefits_medium], [benefits_low], [benefits_speculative] | 🟢 | All four spans present and populated (lines 538–560). |
| 12.3 | Items are as concise as possible. No explanations, no elaborations, no effect sizes, no qualifiers, no attributions, no citations, no study details, no mechanistic explanations, etc. Just the key fact. | 🟢 | Each entry is the bare benefit name; the ER’s Magnitude figures and mechanism sentences are omitted. |
| 12.4 | Parenthetical content — including effect sizes, sample notes, mechanistic hints, and example studies — is stripped, NOT preserved. | 🟢 | No parentheses appear in any benefits item; the ER’s “⚠️ Conflicted” flags are also dropped. |
| 12.5 | If no items of a specific sub-section (high, medium, low, speculative) are present the respective is set to “display=none”, not filled with “None documented in human trials to date” or similar empty-state phrasing. | N/A | The ER supplies benefits in all four tiers, so no span needed hiding. |
13. Risks
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13.1 | The section is derived from the ER Potential Risks & Side Effects section |
🟢 | All six listed risks are the ER Potential Risks & Side Effects sub-headings, tier for tier. |
| 13.2 | Key variables are [risks_high], [risks_medium], [risks_low], [risks_speculative] | 🟢 | All four spans present and populated (lines 626–644). |
| 13.3 | Items are as concise as possible. No explanations, no elaborations, no effect sizes, no qualifiers, no attributions, no citations, no study details, no mechanistic explanations, etc. Just the key fact. | 🟢 | Each entry is the bare risk name; the ER’s Magnitude paragraphs and mechanism text are omitted. |
| 13.4 | Parenthetical content — including frequencies, severity grades, sample notes, mechanistic hints, and example studies — is stripped, NOT preserved. | 🟢 | No parentheses appear in any risks item. |
| 13.5 | If no items of a specific sub-section (high, medium, low, speculative) are present the respective is set to “display=none”, not filled with “None documented in human trials to date” or similar empty-state phrasing. | N/A | The ER supplies risks in all four tiers, so no span needed hiding. |
14. Monitoring
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14.1 | The section is derived from the ER Monitoring section |
🟢 | Rows reproduce the ER Monitoring Protocol & Defining Success biomarker table (ER 431–442), including its Why-Measure-It column. |
| 14.2 | All measurable/quantifiable biomarkers from the Monitoring section are listed |
🟢 | All ten ER biomarkers appear: LDL cholesterol, ApoB, triglycerides, ALT, AST, GGT, HbA1c, hs-CRP, seated blood pressure, abdominal ultrasound. |
| 14.3 | [monitoring_cadence] is populated with the monitoring cadence/frequency derived from the ER Monitoring section. It is not left with placeholder text or empty. |
🟢 | Baseline, liver panel at 8 weeks, lipids and blood pressure at 12 weeks, then every 6–12 months — matching ER 429. |
15. Qualitative Assessment
| # | Description | Result | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15.1 | The section is derived from the ER Monitoring section |
🟢 | All six items come from the ER’s “Qualitative markers worth tracking” list (ER 446–451). |
| 15.2 | All subjective/qualitative biomarkers from the Monitoring section are listed |
🟢 | All six ER qualitative markers are present, none dropped or added. |
Issues 20/09/2026 07:08
Pass rate 100.00%. No issues found.
Issues 20/09/2026 07:02
- 2.7 — Unglossed “steatosis” in Monitoring: [marker_10_target] (QRS line 789) reads “track liver size and steatosis grade against own baseline”, dropping the plain-language gloss the ER supplies inside that same cell — “steatosis (liver fat) grade against the individual’s own baseline” (ER line 442) — leaving specialist terminology on a sheet that says “liver fat” one column over.
Fixes 20/09/2026 07:02
- 2.7 — Restored plain-language liver-fat gloss: [marker_10_target] changed from “track liver size and steatosis grade against own baseline” to “track liver size and steatosis (liver fat) grade against the individual’s own baseline”, matching the ER cell it is drawn from.