Beta-alanine raises muscle carnosine, a natural buffer stored in muscle and brain. Its most consistent benefit is a modest boost to high-intensity effort lasting one to four minutes. Moderate evidence suggests better blood-sugar control; weaker signals point to memory and aging muscle. Broader longevity claims stay theoretical. Safety is unusually clean, the main effect being harmless, temporary skin tingling. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose | 70–85 mg/dL | Tracks the metabolic benefit |
| HbA1c | < 5.3% | Captures sustained blood-sugar improvement |
| Fasting insulin | 2–5 µIU/mL | Reflects insulin resistance |
| ALT | < 25 U/L (men), < 20 U/L (women) | Screens the small liver-enzyme signal |
Cadence: Baseline, then recheck metabolic markers at ~12 weeks; every 6–12 months for long-term use. Liver enzymes only as occasional checks for those with pre-existing liver concerns.