A long-established, low-cost blood-pressure medicine that relaxes blood vessels by blocking a pressure-raising hormone signal. Best-supported for reliable 24-hour blood-pressure lowering and fewer deaths and hospitalizations in people with a weakened heart, plus solid migraine prevention. Claims of organ protection beyond pressure lowering remain unsettled. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Blood pressure | ~115–120 / 75–80 mmHg | Primary efficacy target |
| Serum potassium | 4.0–4.8 mmol/L | Detects hyperkalemia (high potassium) |
| Serum creatinine | Stable, <30% rise from baseline | Detects acute kidney-function decline |
| eGFR | >90 mL/min/1.73 m² (age-adjusted) | Kidney filtering capacity |
| Fasting glucose / HbA1c | Glucose <90 mg/dL; HbA1c <5.4% | Context for diabetic kidney/benefit profile |
| Uric acid | <5.5 mg/dL (men), <5.0 mg/dL (women) | Context marker influenced by renin-angiotensin therapy |
Cadence: Recheck kidney function and potassium within 1–2 weeks of starting or any dose increase; reassess blood pressure at 2–4 weeks; once stable, every 6–12 months (more often in older adults, diabetics, or those with reduced kidney function).