Active plant compounds act on collagen and small blood vessels. Strongest evidence: leg-vein symptoms and swelling, wrinkle depth, skin water content, wound healing. Weaker signals for nerve symptoms, leg strength, alertness, anxiety. The traditional memory claim is not supported. Harms are mostly mild gastrointestinal upset, skin allergy, rarely liver injury. Most products cannot be matched to what was tested. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | 10–26 U/L (men), 7–20 U/L (women) | Earliest and most specific signal of liver-cell injury |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | 10–26 U/L | Confirms a liver signal and helps separate liver from muscle origin |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | 50–90 U/L | Distinguishes bile-duct pattern injury from liver-cell pattern |
| Total bilirubin | 0.4–1.2 mg/dL | Marks clinically significant liver injury when raised alongside enzymes |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | 4.8–5.4% | Detects any drift in average blood glucose over about three months |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) | Below 0.5 mg/L | Tracks the general inflammatory tone the herb is proposed to lower |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) | Above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² | Confirms kidney function is adequate before adding any botanical |
Cadence: Liver panel before the first dose, at 8 weeks, then every 6 months, and immediately on any symptom suggesting liver injury; outcome measures at 8 and 12 weeks; eGFR once at baseline