A concentrated milk fat sold for vitamin A and the animal form of vitamin K2. No trial has given the oil to people and measured an outcome; the case rests on uncontrolled 1930s observations and isolated-vitamin work at far higher doses. The label declares no vitamin content, and concentrated vitamin A tracks with weaker bones and more hip fractures. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Serum retinol | 1.05–2.09 µmol/L | Vitamin A status; the ceiling this product runs into |
| Fasting retinyl esters | Below 10% of total vitamin A | Earliest signal of liver vitamin A overflow |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | 10–26 U/L (men), 8–22 U/L (women) | Liver injury from chronic vitamin A excess |
| Dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) | Below 400 pmol/L | Vitamin K sufficiency for artery protection |
| Undercarboxylated osteocalcin | Below 20% of total osteocalcin | Vitamin K sufficiency for bone protein activation |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D | 40–60 ng/mL | Vitamin D status, which vitamin A competes with |
| Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) | Below 80 mg/dL | Cholesterol particle count from added dairy fat |
| International normalised ratio (INR) | Prescribed target, commonly 2.0–3.0 | Anticoagulation stability under vitamin K load |
Cadence: Baseline draw; liver panel and serum retinol at three months, then every six to twelve months; lipids and 25-hydroxyvitamin D on the same rhythm; INR weekly for the first month in anticoagulated users.