Three products share only the molecule. Oral use modestly improves skin moisture and wrinkle appearance, less so knee comfort, with no established harm beyond occasional digestive upset. Injected skin gel reliably lifts a fold for six to twelve months but can rarely block a facial artery and cause sight loss. Joint injections change too little for most to feel. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Serum hyaluronic acid | Below 50 ng/mL | Screens for the liver fibrosis that raises it; not an efficacy target |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein | Below 1.0 mg/L | Low-grade inflammation raises the risk of delayed filler reactions and blunts skin response |
| Alanine aminotransferase | Below 25 U/L in men, below 20 U/L in women | Confirms that a raised hyaluronan reading is not liver-driven |
| Haemoglobin A1c | Below 5.4% | Poor glucose control shortens filler durability and raises post-injection infection risk |
| Skin surface hydration (corneometry) | No established target; track change from own baseline | The primary outcome in every oral and topical trial, and the earliest to move |
| Knee pain and function score | No established target; track change from own baseline | Quantifies whether a joint intervention produced a change worth its cost and risk |
Cadence: Oral: inflammation and liver markers at three months, then every six to twelve months. Joint injections: pain and function at two, six and twelve weeks after each course. Fillers: two weeks and six months.