Orange peel concentrates citrus plant compounds — chiefly hesperidin, aromatic oils, and soluble fiber. The most credible signals are for heart and metabolic health: better blood-vessel function, small blood-pressure improvements mainly in people who already have risk factors, and reduced vessel inflammation. Effects are modest, build over weeks to months, and matter most for those starting from less-than-ideal numbers. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| LDL cholesterol | < 100 mg/dL | Primary lipid target hesperidin may lower |
| Triglycerides | < 100 mg/dL | Fat marker responsive to citrus flavonoids |
| Total cholesterol | 150–200 mg/dL | Broad lipid overview |
| HDL cholesterol | > 50 mg/dL (women), > 40 mg/dL (men) | Protective lipid fraction; ensures it is not reduced |
| hs-CRP | < 1.0 mg/L | Tracks the vascular inflammation flavonoids may reduce |
| Fasting glucose | 70–90 mg/dL | Detects glycemic response |
| HbA1c | < 5.4% | Longer-term glucose control |
| Blood pressure | < 120/80 mmHg | Captures the modest vascular effect |
| ALT / AST | ALT < 25 U/L, AST < 25 U/L | Confirms concentrated extracts are well tolerated by the liver |
| eGFR | > 90 mL/min/1.73m² | Baseline kidney function before higher-dose extracts |
Cadence: Baseline, then ~8–12 weeks, then every 6–12 months if continued