A four-amino-acid peptide directed at the pancreas, proposed to adjust which genes pancreatic tissue reads. The case rests on one small controlled study in older adults with type 2 diabetes, plus monkey, rat and cell work — almost all from the one institute that developed and licenses it. No adverse event has been systematically recorded in any human study. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose | 75–85 mg/dL | Primary endpoint and the earliest hypoglycemia signal |
| HbA1c | 4.9–5.3% | Three-month glycemic average; confirms a real shift rather than a single low reading |
| Fasting insulin | 2–5 µIU/mL | Detects the raised insulin output the peptide was reported to reduce |
| HOMA-IR | Below 1.0 | Calculated insulin resistance index; the endpoint the human study reported |
| C-peptide (fasting) | 0.8–2.0 ng/mL | Indicates how much insulin the pancreas itself produces, distinguishing residual function from exogenous insulin |
| Amylase and lipase | No functional target is established; track stability against the individual's own pre-course values | Screens for pancreatic inflammation before and during a course |
| eGFR and liver enzymes | eGFR above 90 mL/min/1.73 m²; ALT below 25 U/L | Establishes clearance capacity for co-administered glucose-lowering drugs |
| hsCRP | Below 0.5 mg/L | Tracks the low-grade inflammation that accompanies insulin resistance |
Cadence: Pre-course panel before the first course; fasting glucose at day 5 and day 10 of a course; full glycemic panel at course completion and again 8 to 12 weeks afterwards; repeat before each subsequent course.