A standardized pine bark extract, studied more than most botanicals. Its most dependable effect is a small drop in blood pressure, with modest gains in blood sugar, "good" cholesterol, blood-vessel function, and leg circulation. Generally well tolerated. Most trials trace to the maker, and long-term benefit stays unproven. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) | ~110–120 / 70–78 mmHg | Primary replicated effect; tracks vascular response |
| Fasting blood glucose | 75–90 mg/dL | Detects glycemic effect and additive lows |
| HbA1c | <5.4% | Average blood sugar over ~3 months |
| hs-CRP | <1.0 mg/L | Tracks the anti-inflammatory effect |
| HDL cholesterol | >55 mg/dL | The one lipid fraction Pycnogenol reliably moves |
| Fasting lipid panel (LDL, triglycerides, total) | Triglycerides <90 mg/dL | Context for overall cardiometabolic response |
Cadence: Blood pressure at 2–4 weeks; metabolic and inflammatory markers at ~12 weeks; then every 6–12 months during maintenance