A mineral-rich tar-like substance with long traditional use and a small, uneven body of modern human evidence. Controlled trials point to preserved bone density after menopause, higher testosterone in middle-aged men, and faster healing of a broken shinbone. Short-term tolerance is good; the dominant variable is product quality, since commercial samples repeatedly contain toxic metals. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Total testosterone (men) | 600–900 ng/dL | The primary trial-supported endpoint |
| Free testosterone (men) | 15–25 pg/mL | The bioavailable fraction that rose in trial |
| DHEA-S | 200–400 µg/dL (men), 100–250 µg/dL (women) | Rose alongside testosterone in the hormone trial |
| Blood lead | Below 1.0 µg/dL | Direct readout of the main contamination hazard |
| Ferritin | 50–150 ng/mL | Detects iron loading from the mineral fraction |
| Transferrin saturation | 20–40% | Separates true iron loading from inflammatory ferritin rise |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein | Below 1.0 mg/L | The inflammatory marker that moved in the bone trial |
| Fasting glucose | 75–86 mg/dL | Catches additive glucose lowering with medication |
| ALT | Below 26 U/L (men), below 22 U/L (women) | Confirms the liver tolerance trials reported |
| Creatinine and estimated filtration rate | Filtration rate above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² | Reduced clearance concentrates absorbed trace elements |
| Uric acid | 3.5–5.5 mg/dL | Tracks the theoretical stone and gout concern |
| Prostate-specific antigen (men over 45) | Below 2.5 ng/mL, stable year to year | Guards the deliberate androgen rise |
| Bone density T-score (lumbar spine, femoral neck) | Above −1.0 | The endpoint the bone trial actually moved |
| Urinary arsenic and thallium | No established target; change from own pre-supplement baseline | Confirms whether a specific product is adding exposure |
Cadence: Baseline, then 12 weeks for blood lead, ferritin, liver and kidney panels and hormones, then every 6 months while use continues. Glucose deserves closer watching in the first month if a glucose-lowering drug is in use. A bone density scan repeats no sooner than 12 months.