Green membranes concentrated from spinach, taken before meals to slow fat digestion and trigger fullness signals. The clearest effect is greater fullness and less hunger for hours after eating. Weight-loss evidence is weak and conflicting. A low-risk, food-derived aid to eating well, with mainly mild digestive effects and untested long-term safety. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight / waist circumference | Waist <94 cm (men), <80 cm (women) | Primary intended outcome |
| Fasting glucose | 70–85 mg/dL | Glucose handling |
| HbA1c | <5.4% | Average glucose over ~3 months |
| Fasting insulin | <6 µIU/mL | Insulin resistance |
| LDL cholesterol | <100 mg/dL (lower if higher risk) | Modest lipid changes reported in trials |
| Triglycerides | <80 mg/dL | Dietary fat handling |
| INR (if on warfarin) | Individualized (commonly 2.0–3.0) | Vitamin K–driven anticoagulation stability |
| Vitamin D (25-OH) | 40–60 ng/mL | Fat-soluble vitamin status with long-term use |
Cadence: Weight, waist, and appetite/cravings at ~4 and 12 weeks; glucose, insulin, and lipids at ~3 months, then every 6–12 months; INR within 1–2 weeks of starting for anticoagulant users.