A two-amino-acid molecule from calf thymus, sold in Russia for three decades as short courses of nasal spray, injection or cream to correct weakened immune defences. One placebo-controlled trial in stomach-lining thinning found real repair; the largest controlled trial found no benefit and faster worsening. Side effects look mild across short courses. Nearly all evidence comes from its makers. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute lymphocyte count | 1.8–3.0 ×10⁹/L | Confirms the immune deficit the peptide targets |
| CD4+ T-cell count | 700–1,400 cells/µL | Direct read-out of the T-cell compartment |
| CD4:CD8 ratio | 1.5–2.5 | Below 1.0 marks immune aging independently of absolute counts |
| hs-CRP | Below 1.0 mg/L | Tracks the anti-inflammatory claim |
| Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM | IgG 700–1,600 mg/dL; IgA 70–400 mg/dL; IgM 40–230 mg/dL | Separates antibody from T-cell deficiency |
| Antinuclear antibody titre | Below 1:40 | Screens for the theoretical autoimmune-activation risk |
| ALT and AST | ALT 10–26 U/L (men), 8–22 U/L (women) | Baseline liver panel; the animal repair data are hepatic |
| Gastric histology, OLGA stage | No target; track change from staged baseline | The only placebo-controlled human endpoint |
| Plasma VEGF | No target; track direction from baseline | The one biomarker that moved in a controlled trial |
Cadence: Baseline panel before a first course; lymphocyte panel and hs-CRP at 8–12 weeks, then every 6–12 months while courses continue; autoimmune serology only if new joint, skin or systemic symptoms appear.