Chemistry differs from Asian ginseng, and so does the record. Strongest: modest, repeatable lowering of blood sugar after meals and over two to three months. Then eased tiredness after cancer treatment, brief sharpening of short-term memory, a contested blood-pressure signal. Safety looks reassuring; the clear hazard is weakened blood-thinner effect. Nearly all trials were company-funded, and results track batch chemistry. (Full Review)
| Marker | Target | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose | 75–86 mg/dL (4.2–4.8 mmol/L) | Primary metabolic endpoint |
| HbA1c | 4.8–5.4% | Three-month glycemic average |
| Fasting insulin | 2–5 µIU/mL | Detects insulin resistance before glucose rises |
| INR | 2.0–3.0 on warfarin; ≤1.1 if not anticoagulated | Catches loss of anticoagulation, the best-documented risk |
| LDL cholesterol | 70–100 mg/dL | Secondary endpoint moved in trials |
| Non-HDL cholesterol | Below 100 mg/dL | Captures every artery-clogging particle in one number |
| Systolic blood pressure | 110–120 mmHg | Vascular endpoint, contested in trials |
| ALT and AST | 10–26 U/L | Safety reference for liver |
| eGFR | Above 90 mL/min/1.73 m² | Safety reference for kidney |
| hs-CRP | Below 0.5 mg/L | Tracks the inflammation linked to fatigue response |
Cadence: INR at 2 and 4 weeks for those anticoagulated; glucose and blood pressure logged weekly for the first month; repeat metabolic and lipid panel at 8 to 12 weeks; twice-yearly checks once stable.